Open Access

Article

Article ID: 2222

by Franciss Brown Smith, Yohanna Alexandra Grandales Brown, Mercedes Lina Wong Torres

Probe - Plant & Animal Sciences, Vol.6, No.1, 2024;205 Views, 0 PDF Downloads

In the National Strategy for the Conservation of Vegetable Species thinks about among their priorities that it is a necessity, to understand, to document and to recognize the Cuban vegetable diversity sufficiently, as well as their conservation, developing, work educational and public commitment for this way to contribute to the appropriate preservation of the traditional cultivares of Cuba. It is a necessity the solution of this problem keeping in mind that the production of foods from a perspective of alimentary and nutritional security, has in its base the integration of the actors from the local thing to the national thing. In this sense they exist political of government and educational established for potenciar the integration of the communities and the local actors with the educational centers. With the objective of conserving the variety of the avocado (American Persea Mill) and to favor the local agricultural administration by means of the integration of teaching methods, it was used the observation and the method of investigation action participativa and one kept in mind the selected describers of the list of the International Institute of Resources Fitogenéticos (IPGRI) and the International Union for the Protection of the Vegetable Obtaining (UPOV). the Franciss-green and Franciss-lived denominated avocado varieties were characterized for their conservation. As main conclusion you integrates the I diagnose of the resources fitogenéticos, to the programs of educational projects, of training for local producers and of university extension that embraces the knowledge of the community conception in the relationships university-society for the alimentary sovereignty and the execution of the calendar 2030 and ODS in a family patio of the municipality Güira of Mane.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 2223

by Franciss Brown Smith, Yohanna Alexandra Grandales Brown, Mercedes Lina Wong Torres, Amparo Osorio Abad

Probe - Plant & Animal Sciences, Vol.6, No.1, 2024;394 Views, 0 PDF Downloads

In Cuba the environmental education, is recognized as an indispensable process to reach the objectives of sustainable development. The agricultural content is of vital importance, the Limits of the Economic and Social Politics of the Party and the Revolution, the Conceptualization of the Pattern Economic and Social Cuban of Development Socialist and the National Plan of Economic and Social Development up to the 2030, they guide in this sense. In the calendar 2030, the objective 4 make allusion to the education of quality that should guarantee an inclusive, equal education and of quality. It also establishes that it owes himself, to assure that all the students acquire the necessary theoretical and practical knowledge to promote the sustainable development. The article analyzes the importance of the education agro-environmental, where educational actions are promoted guided to the transmission and acquisition of knowledge, abilities, attitudes and values related with the problems of the school agricultural ecosystem. This investigation intends as objective to contribute to the enrichment of the information on the state of the education agro-environmental in the training of the professionals of the education in Cuba as well as to reveal the theoretical-methodological foundations from the sciences of the education. He/she was carried out an analysis of the current agricultural situation and their study in the plans and study programs. In the analysis they combined theoretical and empiric methods as the study of documents, analysis of contents and the observation that allowed to reveal the theoretical-methodological foundations related with the education agro-environmental to contribute with the alimentary sovereignty and the objectives of sustainable development of the calendar 2030.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 2228

by Prashant Lungade, Sneha V. Karadbhajne

Probe - Plant & Animal Sciences, Vol.6, No.1, 2024;142 Views, 0 PDF Downloads

Mahua is undergoing a rebranding, but India needs legislation to safeguard tribal rights. Mahua is entwined with the tribal world, yet incorrect colonial ideas about it as a toxic, lowly beverage still plague it. Mahua has a close relationship with Gond, Santhal, Baiga, Munda, Ho, Orao, and all other communities dispersed across at least 12 states. For instance, the social rites of Tonda (birth), Manda (marriage), and Konda (death) for a Gondi Adivasi would end in the absence of mahua. Mahua brewing was merely one more duty in an indigenous family’s home until the late 1800s. The British Raj considered this to be an unexplored source of income. With a series of laws, including the Bombay Abkari Act of 1878, the Mhowra Act of 1878, 1892, the Madhya Pradesh Excise Act of 1915, the Bihar and Orissa Excise Act of 1915, and the Government of India Act of 1935, they outlawed not only the production of mahua but also the gathering and storing of mahua flowers. They considered it a low-quality toxicant and labelled it as a threat to public health and morality. As a result, they could regulate the production of regional spirits and made money from the importation of alcohol from Germany and Britain. Following India’s independence, regulations changed but not entirely. Mahua and tribal people were affected by laws such as the Bombay Mahua Flower Rules of 1950, the Bihar Prohibition and Excise Act of 2016, the PESA of 1996, the Forest Right Act of 2006, and total prohibition, which included mahua distillation, which was enforced in Gujarat and Wardha in 1960. The average family in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand will make 10.5 K, 16.4 K, and 15.75 K ₹ annually. Mahua is included in the minimum Support Price by the Indian government. Mahua has an estimated potential production of 1.5 lakh MTs, valued at 122 ₹ Cr, in India; however, only 1.0 lakh MTs, valued at 81 ₹ Cr, are expected to be collected annually. Though there is a 1.63 lakh job potential, just 28.6 K, or 17.5%, of Indians are employed. Mahua appears to be gradually reclaiming its space after going extinct for decades. The British Raj previously outlawed mahua; today, it is one of India’s most prestigious brands, sold all over the world.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 2224

by Prashant Lungade, Sneha V. Karadbhajne

Probe - Plant & Animal Sciences, Vol.6, No.1, 2024;387 Views, 0 PDF Downloads

The most common method used for collection of mahua flowers by burning the undergrowth under mahua trees which often caused forest fire and loss or flora and fauna of nature. The comparative analysis of traditional flower collection vis-a-vis net collection was analyzed during the research. The most significant benefits were on prices, time reduction and quality of products. These benefits will encourage the adoption of this technique by forest dwelling communities for mahua collection. The net collected flowers sold at 110 to 120 ₹ compared with 25–30 ₹ with traditional collection ( p < 5 ₹). The time and manpower reduced by 80% ( p < 1%) in net collection. Total 87.95 K MT mahua exported from India with value of 70.01 million USD in FY 2022. India rank 7th in global export of Mahua in 2022. Nearly 75% of entire tribal household in the country are involved in the collection of mahua flower which will contributes up to 30% of their annual cash income. To handle mahua around 11 lakh peoples are directly involved and 20 to 25 lakh peoples indirectly involved. To produce liquid >90% mahua utilized in India. During this research post-harvest unit operations also standardized. New food product like syrup, cookies, jam, spread, jelly, gummies, energy drink, beverages, hard-boiled candies development were done, and stabilities were conducted with utilization of 10% to 60% mahua.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 2229

by Luis Daniel Alonso Gómez, Franciss Brown Smith, Yordanka Castro Ramos

Probe - Plant & Animal Sciences, Vol.6, No.1, 2024;209 Views, 0 PDF Downloads

Currently, the study of Agroecology as a component of agricultural education in the subject of Biology 1 and the treatment of its contents at the basic secondary educational level is of great importance. Agricultural education is of vital importance to achieve sustainable development, adopting environmental, economic and social policies based on agroecological principles related to food production and local development from the Cuban educational system. In this sense, it is necessary for teachers to promote and encourage students towards the use of agroecological practices to contribute to the education of current and future generations in love and respect for rurality and for the school to become an extensionist of the agrarian culture. The objective of this article is: to systematize the theoretical foundations of Agroecology as a component of agricultural education and the treatment of its contents, promoting agroecological practices on the basis of food sovereignty and security. To achieve this objective, theoretical (analytical-synthetic; inductive-deductive) and empirical (observation; documentary analysis and interview) methods were used. The importance of this work lies in seventh grade students being able to develop agroecological practices in school, family and community with a view to finding possible solutions to the problems associated with production processes to support family food security.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 2283

by Riya Sarkar, Most. Khadiza Khatun, Mst. Adia Sultana, Shobnom Mustary, Maisha Rahman, Tahmina Akter, Md. Golam Mortuza, Md. Abdul Hannan, Md. Arif Sakil, Md. Rezwanul Haque

Probe - Plant & Animal Sciences, Vol.6, No.1, 2024;0 Views, 0 PDF Downloads

Soaking is a common pre-processing step in pulse preparation, which can influence the nutritional composition and bioactive properties of lentils. This study investigates the effects of varying soaking duration on the proximate composition and total phenolic content of three selected Bangladeshi lentil varieties: Binamasur-6, Binamasur-9, and Binamasur-12. Samples of each variety were soaked in water for 6, 12, and 18 h, followed by analyses to determine changes in protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, and moisture contents. The total phenolic content (TPC) was also evaluated and it was significantly reduced (0.8%~1.3%) with the increase of the soaking period (at 18 hrs). Binamasur-6 demonstrated the highest reduction of total phenolic content. Results showed that soaking significantly increased moisture (0.4%~1.3%) and crude fiber content (0.7%~0.9%) and reduced total carbohydrates (0.2%~1.6%), crude lipid (0.4%~1.2%) and ash content (0.3%~0.6%) at 18 hrs soaking period in all the tested varieties. Among the varieties, Binamasur-9 exhibited the highest increase in moisture content and reduction in crude lipid content. Additionally, protein content remained relatively unchanged. Among all, 18 h soaking time had the most beneficial effect on the tested parameters. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing soaking processes to retain or enhance nutritional and functional properties in Bangladeshi lentil varieties, which could be beneficial for food industries and public health initiatives focused on nutrient-dense diets. Further research may explore the effects of soaking under different conditions, such as pH or temperature, on these parameters.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 2219

by Muhammad Rizwan Hamid, Shahzeen Kanwal Maria

Probe - Plant & Animal Sciences, Vol.6, No.1, 2024;228 Views, 0 PDF Downloads

Calcium signaling is a fundamental regulatory mechanism in plants, governing a myriad of physiological processes crucial for growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli, including biotic stresses such as pathogen attack. Over the past decades, research into the intricate network of calcium signaling pathways has revealed its pivotal role in orchestrating plant defense mechanisms against a diverse array of pathogens. This review comprehensively examines the multifaceted roles of calcium ions in modulating plant immune responses, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying calcium-mediated signal transduction and its integration with other defense signaling pathways. We delve into the intricate crosstalk between calcium signaling and various hormonal pathways, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, highlighting the interconnectedness of these regulatory networks in shaping plant defense strategies. Furthermore, we explore the potential applications of calcium-based strategies for sustainable disease management in agriculture, including the use of calcium channel blockers, calcium chelators, and calcium-rich compounds as novel antimicrobial agents and priming agents for enhancing plant immunity. Challenges and future directions in the field are also discussed, aiming to advance our understanding of calcium signaling in plant-pathogen interactions and harness its potential for developing innovative approaches to combat plant diseases and ensure global food security. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding calcium signaling in plant disease control, offering valuable insights and perspectives for future research endeavors in this rapidly evolving field.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 2262

by Andreia Garcês, Isabel Pires

Probe - Plant & Animal Sciences, Vol.6, No.1, 2024;160 Views, 0 PDF Downloads

Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, significantly threatens wild bird populations and global biodiversity. As wild birds are natural reservoirs for various strains of the influenza virus, they have a crucial role in the epidemiology of the disease, which has profound implications for both wildlife conservation and public health. The emergence and dispersion of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains, particularly H5N1, have resulted in large-scale mortality events in wild bird populations, disrupting ecosystems and threatening endangered species. The conservation of wild birds in the context of avian flu involves several critical actions, including surveillance, rapid response to outbreaks, habitat management, and minimizing human-wildlife interactions that facilitate virus transmission. Studying avian influenza’s impact on wild bird populations is crucial due to its dual importance in wildlife conservation and public health. Wild birds, as natural reservoirs of the virus, play a central role in its spread, with highly pathogenic strains like H5N1 causing devastating mortality events that disrupt ecosystems and endanger species. Effective management, including monitoring, rapid outbreak response, and habitat protection, is essential to mitigate these effects. Collaboration among experts is vital to protect biodiversity, sustain ecological balance, and reduce risks to human health, ensuring the long-term survival of wild bird populations.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 2298

by Komla Mawunyo Dossouvi, Ephraim Ehidiamen Ibadin, Amr El Kelish

Probe - Plant & Animal Sciences, Vol.6, No.1, 2024;129 Views, 0 PDF Downloads

Colistin is one of the most widely used antibiotics in the animal sector and is frequently used as an animal growth promoter. Colistin, is also the last resort for treatment of human infections caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Its intensive and systematic use may have led to the occurrence and spread of colistin-resistant bacteria in animals and humans. As the discovery of new antibiotics is rare, preserving the activity of colistin has become a priority for public health authorities. Monitoring of global prevalence, mechanisms driving colistin resistance, reservoirs, and mobile genetic elements carried by colistin-resistant bacteria are essential steps in the fight against the rise of colistin-resistant bacteria. In this mini-review, we conducted a literature review on phenotypic and genotypic colistin resistance in animals and evaluated the genetic relatedness of colistin-resistant plasmids and bacteria found in animals and humans. According to phylogenetic analysis of mcr -producing bacteria genomes, it seems that there is indeed a transmission of mcr-8.1 -producing bacteria between humans and animals, animals and animals, and between humans and humans.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 2257

by Buse Dincoglu, Ugur Tepe, Bahar Aslanbay Guler, Zeliha Demirel, Esra Imamoglu

Probe - Plant & Animal Sciences, Vol.6, No.1, 2024;90 Views, 0 PDF Downloads

Microalgae are versatile organisms capable of adapting to diverse environmental conditions, allowing for enhanced biomass production and metabolite synthesis. Due to their rich biochemical composition and rapid growth rate, they are widely utilized across various industries. Microalgae cultivation can be conducted at different scales and methods, including photobioreactors and open ponds. Among various microalgae species, Spirulina platensis is particularly favored in industrial applications and recognized as one of the most significant commercial sources of phycobiliproteins, bioactive compounds unique to blue-green algae. Phycocyanin, a phycobiliprotein derived from S. platensis , is especially valued for its high-added economic potential. This study investigates the production of phycocyanin from S. platensis using an airlift photobioreactor, which offers advantages such as the elimination of mechanical mixing components and the efficient replacement of O 2 and CO 2 through aeration. The specific growth rate of S. platensis was determined to be 0.28 ± 0.01 day −1 , with a doubling time of 2.47 ± 0.09 days. The phycobiliprotein concentrations were measured as follows: 1.03 ± 0.001 mg/L for phycoerythrin, 10.37 ± 0.08 mg/L for phycocyanin, 6.29 ± 0.24 mg/L for allophycocyanin, and 17.71 ± 1.76 mg/L for total phycobiliprotein. This study successfully cultivated S. platensis in an airlift photobioreactor, demonstrating its potential for efficient production of biomass and bioactive materials.