Pain perception in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Abstract

This paper proposes two hypothetical experiments that explore evidence of pain perception of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Early anatomical studies find the presence of nociceptors in fish, evidence of the capacity to suffer. A 2003 study of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) provides evidence of pain perception in the particular species. Now, it is known that members of Infraclass Teleostei can sense pain, but not as much is known about pet goldfish in homes. In an endeavour to determine whether goldfish can perceive pain, this paper proposes two hypothetical experiments. The findings of the following experiments will provide insights into the evolution of pain perception in vertebrates, awareness and intelligence in goldfish, and motivation behind goldfish behaviour.