Assessment of proximate composition, microbial loads and some heavy metals concentration in the sediment, water and organ of four commercial fish species from Oluwa River, Igbokoda, Ondo State, Nigeria
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the proximate composition, microbiological contamination, and levels of heavy metals in water, sediment, and four fish species (catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), snakehead (Parachanna obscura), and marine catfish (Arius gigas)) obtained from the Oluwa River. Water, sediment, and fish samples were collected monthly in the Oluwa River over a period of three consecutive months. The proximate composition, microbial loads, and heavy metal contents of water and fish samples were assessed utilizing established protocols. The proximate composition result shows that the moisture of the fish content ranges from 7.32 to 9.24%, the crude protein ranges from 82.16 to 85.32%, crude fiber ranges from 0.29 to 2.33%, fat ranges from 0.84 to 4.73%, ash ranges from 3.38 to 6.62%, and carbohydrates range from 0.00 to 0.11%. The findings from the analysis of microbial burdens in water and fish demonstrate a statistically significant distinction (P < 0.05) in the counts of Enterobacteriaceae and total viable counts between the chosen samples of fish and water. The average values (mg/L) of heavy metals in the water range between 0.01 ± 0.00 and 0.53 ± 0.01, with no detection of mercury or manganese. The measured values of the parameters fell within the acceptable limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) (0.05 mg/L), except for lead, which exceeded the limits. The average concentration (mg/L) of heavy metals in sediment was above the permissible limits except for zinc, which fell within the acceptable range. The average values (mg/kg) of heavy metals range from 1.85 ± 1.15 to 31.75 ± 0.00; 0.03 ± 0.02 and 33.21 ± 0.02; 0.02 ± 0.00 and 29.57 ± 0.02; 0.01 ± 0.00 and 23.52 ± 0.02 for P. obscura, C. gariepinus, O. niloticus, and A. gigas, respectively, and were within the maximum permissible limits set by the WHO with the exception of manganese and copper. The concentrations of heavy metals identified in the Oluwa River may not present an imminent or severe risk to fish and human consumers, potentially leading to adverse health effects.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Patrick-Iwuanyanwu KC, Esau BS, Ogbo BA, et al. Health Risk Assessment of Hazardous Metals in Seafood from Ka-Bangha River, Khana, Rivers State. Nigeria Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 2022; 26(3): 499-511.
Kumar M, Singh S, Jain A, et al. A review on heavy metal-induced toxicity in fishes: Bioaccumulation, antioxidant defense system, histopathological manifestations, and transcriptional profiling of genes. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2024; 83: 127377. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127377
Ali H, Khan E. Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains/webs—Concepts and implications for wildlife and human health. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2018; 25(6): 1353-1376. doi: 10.1080/10807039.2018.1469398
Abd El-Aziz MAE, Hassan AM, El-Naggar HA, et al. Potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of heavy metals ingestion from consumption of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii in El-Rahawy Drain and El-Kanater in the River Nile, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 2022; 26(3): 667-686. doi: 10.21608/ejabf.2022.244364
Ali MM, Rahman S, Islam MS, et al. Distribution of heavy metals in water and sediment of an urban river in a developing country: A probabilistic risk assessment. International Journal of Sediment Research. 2022; 37(2): 173-187. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.09.002
Menon SV, Kumar A, Middha SK, et al. Water physicochemical factors and oxidative stress physiology in fish, a review. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2023; 11. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1240813
Cardwell AS, Rodriguez PH, Stubblefield WA, et al. Chronic Toxicity of Iron to Aquatic Organisms under Variable pH, Hardness, and Dissolved Organic Carbon Conditions. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2023; 42(6): 1371-1385. doi: 10.1002/etc.5627
Burger J, Gaines KF, Boring CS, et al. Metal Levels in Fish from the Savannah River: Potential Hazards to Fish and Other Receptors. Environmental Research. 2002; 89(1): 85-97. doi: 10.1006/enrs.2002.4330
Rashed MN. Cadmium and lead levels in fish (Tilapia nilotica) tissues as biological indicator for lake water pollution. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2001; 68(1): 75-89. doi: 10.1023/A:1010739023662
Özmen H, Külahcı F, Çukurovalı A, et al. Concentrations of heavy metal and radioactivity in surface water and sediment of Hazar Lake (Elazığ, Turkey). Chemosphere. 2004; 55(3): 401-408. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.003
Begum A, Amin MdN, Kaneco S, et al. Selected elemental composition of the muscle tissue of three species of fish, Tilapia nilotica, Cirrhina mrigala and Clarius batrachus, from the fresh water Dhanmondi Lake in Bangladesh. Food Chemistry. 2005; 93(3): 439-443. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.021
Öztürk M, Özözen G, Minareci O, Minareci E. Determination of heavy metals in of fishes, water and sediment from the Demirköprü Dam Lake (Turkey). Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 2008; 2(3): 99-104.
Praveena SM, Radojevic M, Abdullah MH, Aris AZ. Application of sediment quality guidelines in the assessment of mangrove surface sediment in Mengkabong lagoon, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2008; 5(1): 35-42.
Nsikak U, Essien JP, Williams AB, Bassey DE. Mercury accumulation in fishes from tropical aquatic ecosystems in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Current Science. 2007; 781-785.
Haffor SA, Al-Ayed MI. The effect of lead bioaccumulation on haem biosynthetic enzymes in fish. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2003; 24(3): 271-280.
Bhuiyan NZ, Hossain MB, Ali MM, et al. Seasonal variation of trace elements in water and sediment of the Turag and Balu Rivers, Bangladesh. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 2022; 26(3): 513-540. doi: 10.21608/ejabf.2022.243708
Kamaruzzam BY, Rina Z, Akbar John B, et al. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Commercially Important Fishes of South West Malaysian Coast. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2011; 5(6): 595-602. doi: 10.3923/rjes.2011.595.602
Olusola SE, Fakoya S, Aderoboye OY. Phytobiotics effects of pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaves fluted pumpkin (Telferia ocidentalis) leaves extracts against certain aquatic pathogens. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2019; 8(1): 1-6.
Horwitz W, Latimer GW. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, AOAC; 2005. pp. 129-146.
World Health Organization, WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality, fourth edition. WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland 2011; 564pp
World Health Organization, WHO. Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2nd ed. World Health Organization, WHO; 2003.
Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO. Compilation of legal Limits for Hazardous Substance in Fish and Fishery Products. Food and Agricultural Organization Fishery circular; 1987. pp. 5-100.
World Health Organization, WHO. Guidelines for drinking water quality, 1st ed. World Health Organization, WHO; 1985. p. 130.
Federal Environmental Protection Agency, FEPA. Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, FEPA; 2003.
International commission of microbiological specification for food (ICMSF). Microorganisms in food 2 sampling for microbiological analysis, principles and specific application, 2nd ed. Blackwell scientific publication; 1986. pp. 181-193.
Ayanda IO, Ekhator UI, Bello OA. Determination of selected heavy metal and analysis of proximate composition in some fish species from Ogun River, Southwestern Nigeria. Heliyon. 2019; 5(10): e02512. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02512
Siaw CL, Idrus AZ, Yu SY. Intermediate technology for fish cracker (‘keropok’) production. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 1985; 20(1): 17-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb01898.x
Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO. World production of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks by major fishing areas. Fisheries information data and statistics unit, Fisheries Department, FAO Rome. 1999: 33.
Camusso M, Vigano L, Balestrini R. Bioconcentration of Trace Metals in Rainbow Trout: A Field Study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 1995; 31(2): 133-141. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1995.1053
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, DWAF. South African water quality guidelines—domestic Uses, 2nd ed. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry; 1996.
Ekpo KE, Asia IO, Amayo KO. et al. Determination of lead, cadmium and mercury in surrounding water and organs of some species of fish from Ikoba river in Benin city, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 2008; 3(11): 289-292.
Arnot JA, Gobas FA. A review of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) assessments for organic chemicals in aquatic organisms. Environmental Reviews. 2006; 14(4): 257-297. doi: 10.1139/a06-005
Marzouk M. Fish and environmental pollution. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 1994; 42: 51-52.
Obasohan EE. Heavy metals concentrations in the offal, gill, muscle and liver of a freshwater mudfish (Parachanna obscura) from Ogba River, Benin city, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2007; 6(22): 2620-2627. doi: 10.5897/ajb2007.000-2419
Das KK, Das SN, Dhundasi SA. Nickel: molecular diversity, application, essentiality and toxicity in human health. Biometals, Molecular Structures, Binding Properties and Applications. New York, USA, Nova Science Publishers Inc. 2010; 33-58.
Lee BG, Griscom SB, Lee JS, et al. Influences of Dietary Uptake and Reactive Sulfides on Metal Bioavailability from Aquatic Sediments. Science. 2000; 287(5451): 282-284. doi: 10.1126/science.287.5451.282
Carpene E, Gumiero B, Fedrizzi G, et al. Trace elements (Zn, Cu, Cd) in fish from rearing ponds of Emilia-Romagna region (Italy). Science of the Total Environment. 1994; 141(1-3): 139-146. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90023-X
Agusa T, Kunito T, Yasunaga G, et al. Concentrations of trace elements in marine fish and its risk assessment in Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2005; 51(8-12): 896-911. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.06.007
Kotze P, Du Preez HH, Van Vuren JHJ. Bioaccumulation of copper and zinc in Oreochromis mossambicus and Clarias gariepinus, from the Olifants River, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Water SA. 1999; 25(1): 99-110.
Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization FAO/WHO. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme codex committee on contaminants in foods, fifth Session. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization FAO/WHO. 2011: 64-89.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18686/fsa2293
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
