Azadirachta indica as a sustainable nutritional alternative in Nile tilapia farming—A mini review
Abstract
Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is the most cultivated fish species in continental waters and represents the second most important group for global aquaculture. In Brazilian continental fish farming, diseases represent an annual loss of approximately US$84 million. Aiming to minimize these adversities, researchers are constantly investigating viable alternatives to improve fish health, mainly through diet. At present, various products of plant origin are tested in aquaculture as growth and health promoters in fish as an alternative to chemotherapeutics and antibiotics, which represent real concerns for the health of animals, environment, and consumers. Azadirachtin, also known as neem extract, is a bioactive phytocompound extracted from Azadirachta indica, with great microbicidal and immunostimulating potential. In animal feed, neem extract or azadirachtin have already been tested as growth promoters, immunostimulants and modulators of the gastrointestinal microbiota. In recent years, many studies involving the use of azadirachtin and other neem derivatives have presented varied and controversial results in aquaculture, with positive and negative effects on the productive performance and health of animals. Therefore, the present review aimed to systematize information about A. indica and its derivatives, considering the viability for use in tilapia farming.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Campanati C, Willer D, Schubert J, et al. Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture through Nutrient Recycling and Circular Economies: More Fish, Less Waste, Blue Growth. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. 2021; 30(2): 143-169. doi: 10.1080/23308249.2021.1897520
Tavares-Dias M, Martins ML. An overall estimation of losses caused by diseases in the Brazilian fish farms. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2017; 41(4): 913-918. doi: 10.1007/s12639-017-0938-y
FAO. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2021 (FishStatJ). Available online: www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj (accessed on 2 January 2024).
Shinn AP, Avenant‐Oldewage A, Bondad‐Reantaso MG, et al. A global review of problematic and pathogenic parasites of farmed tilapia. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2023; 15(S1): 92-153. doi: 10.1111/raq.12742
Wang B, Thompson KD, Wangkahart E, et al. Strategies to enhance tilapia immunity to improve their health in aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2022; 15(S1): 41-56. doi: 10.1111/raq.12731
Preena PG, Swaminathan TR, Kumar VJR, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: a crisis for concern. Biologia. 2020; 75(9): 1497-1517. doi: 10.2478/s11756-020-00456-4
Encarnação P. Functional feed additives in aquaculture feeds. In: Aquafeed formulation. Academic Press; 2016.
Dawood MAO, Koshio S, Esteban MÁ. Beneficial roles of feed additives as immunostimulants in aquaculture: a review. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2017; 10(4): 950-974. doi: 10.1111/raq.12209
Clouard C, Val-Laillet D. Impact of sensory feed additives on feed intake, feed preferences, and growth of female piglets during the early postweaning period1. Journal of Animal Science. 2014; 92(5): 2133-2140. doi: 10.2527/jas.2013-6809
Pandey AK, Kumar P, Saxena MJ. Feed additives in animal health. Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine. Springer; 2019.
Hady MM, Zaki MM. Efficacy of Some Herbal Feed Additives on Performance and Control of Cecal Coccidiosis in Broilers. APCBEE Procedia. 2012; 4: 163-168. doi: 10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.11.028
Sánchez-Hernández C, Castañeda-Gómez del Campo J, Trejo-Castro L, et al. Evaluation of a Feed Plant Additive for Coocidiosis Control in Broilers Herbals for Coccidiosis Control. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science. 2019; 21(1). doi: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0846
Owatari MS, da Silva LR, Ferreira GB, et al. Body yield, growth performance, and haematological evaluation of Nile tilapia fed a diet supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2022; 293: 115453. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115453
Dawood MAO, Kari ZA. Editorial special issue: Friendly nutritional strategies for sustainable aquaculture. Aquaculture and Fisheries. 2024; 9(1): 1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.aaf.2023.01.003
Dawood MAO. Nutritional immunity of fish intestines: important insights for sustainable aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2020; 13(1): 642-663. doi: 10.1111/raq.12492
Wee W, Abdul Hamid NK, Mat K, et al. The effects of mixed prebiotics in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture and Fisheries. 2024; 9(1): 28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.02.005
Liang Q, Yuan M, Xu L, et al. Application of enzymes as a feed additive in aquaculture. Marine Life Science & Technology. 2022; 4(2): 208-221. doi: 10.1007/s42995-022-00128-z
Jesus GFA, Pereira SA, Owatari MS, et al. Protected forms of sodium butyrate improve the growth and health of Nile tilapia fingerlings during sexual reversion. Aquaculture. 2019; 499: 119-127. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.09.027
Pereira SA, Jesus GFA, Pereira GV, et al. The Chelating Mineral on Organic Acid Salts Modulates the Dynamics and Richness of the Intestinal Microbiota of a Silver Catfish Rhamdia quelen. Current Microbiology. 2020; 77(8): 1483-1495. doi: 10.1007/s00284-020-01962-z
Libanori MCM, Santos GG, Pereira SA, et al. Organic benzoic acid modulates health and gut microbiota of Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture. 2023; 570: 739409. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739409
Mariappan B, Kaliyamurthi V, Binesh A. Medicinal plants or plant derived compounds used in aquaculture. In: Recent advances in aquaculture microbial technology. Academic Press; 2023.
Khalil FF, Mehrim AI, Refaey MM. Impact of Dietary Rocket (Eruca sativa) Leaves or Seeds on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Oreochromis niloticus, Fingerlings. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2015; 9(4): 134-147. doi: 10.3923/ajas.2015.134.147
Tang J, Cai J, Liu R, et al. Immunostimulatory effects of artificial feed supplemented with a Chinese herbal mixture on Oreochromis niloticus against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2014; 39(2): 401-406. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.028
Hassan AAM, Yacout MH, Khalel MS, et al. Effects of Some Herbal Plant Supplements on Growth Performance and the Immune Response in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus). “Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture” Conference Proceedings. 2018; 1(1): 134-141. doi: 10.2478/alife-2018-0020
Hardi EH, Nugroho RA, Kusuma IW, et al. Borneo herbal plant extracts as a natural medication for prophylaxis and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). F1000 Research. 2018; 7: 1847.
Yılmaz S, Ergün S, Soytaş N. Herbal supplements are useful for preventing streptococcal disease during first-feeding of tilapia fry, Oreochromis mossambicus. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture. 2013; 833(1): 195-204.
Gabriel NN, Qiang J, Ma XY, et al. Dietary Aloe vera improves plasma lipid profile, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective enzyme activities in GIFT-tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after Streptococcus iniae challenge. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 2015; 41(5): 1321-1332. doi: 10.1007/s10695-015-0088-z
Guo WL, Deng HW, Wang F, et al. In vitro and in vivo screening of herbal extracts against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture. 2019; 503: 412-421. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.01.024
Wangkahart E, Wachiraamonloed S, Lee PT, et al. Impacts of Aegle marmelos fruit extract as a medicinal herb on growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses, digestive enzymes, and disease resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2022; 120: 402-410. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.015
Valente LMP, Batista S, Ribeiro C, et al. Physical processing or supplementation of feeds with phytogenic compounds, alginate oligosaccharide or nucleotides as methods to improve the utilization of Gracilaria gracilis by juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture. 2021; 530: 735914. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735914
Campos EVR, Ratko J, Bidyarani N, et al. Nature-Based Herbicides and Micro-/Nanotechnology Fostering Sustainable Agriculture. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2023; 11(27): 9900-9917. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02282
Martinez SS. The neem: Azadirachta indica: Nature, multiple uses, production (Portuguese). In: O NIM: Azadirachta indica: Natureza, usos múltiplos, produção. Instituto Agronômico do Paraná—IAPAR; 2011
Lin M, Yang S, Huang J, et al. Insecticidal Triterpenes in Meliaceae: Plant Species, Molecules and Activities: Part Ⅰ (Aphanamixis-Chukrasia). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(24): 13262. doi: 10.3390/ijms222413262
Jebril S, Khanfir Ben Jenana R, Dridi C. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach leaf extract and their antifungal activities: In vitro and in vivo. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2020; 248: 122898. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.122898
Lopez YM, Paes JB, Gustave D, et al. Production of wood-plastic composites using Cedrela odorata sawdust waste and recycled thermoplastics mixture from post-consumer products-A sustainable approach for cleaner production in Cuba. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 244: 118723.
Salomón YL, Georgin J, Franco DS, et al. Application of seed residues from Anadenanthera macrocarpa and Cedrela fissilis as alternative adsorbents for remarkable removal of methylene blue dye in aqueous solutions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; 28: 2342-2354.
Borah A, Selvaraj S, Holla SR, et al. Analysis of the bioactive components in Swietenia macrophylla leaves for their antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2023; 22: 101411. doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101411
Islas JF, Acosta E, G-Buentello Z, et al. An overview of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and its potential impact on health. Journal of Functional Foods. 2020; 74: 104171. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104171
Akhtar M. Nematicidal potential of the neem tree Azadirachta indica (A. Juss). Integrated Pest Management Reviews. 2020; 5(1): 57-66. doi: 10.1023/A:1009609931223
Prates HT, Viana PA, Waquil JM. Atividade de extrato aquoso de folhas de nim (Azadirachta indica) sobre Spodoptera frugiperda. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 2003; 38(3): 437-439. doi: 10.1590/s0100-204x2003000300014
Wylie MR, Merrell DS. The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022; 13. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891535
Kumar S, Raman RP, Pandey PK, et al. Effect of orally administered azadirachtin on non-specific immune parameters of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758) and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2013; 34(2): 564-573. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.038
Ali E, Islam MdS, Hossen MdI, et al. Extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf exhibits bactericidal effect against multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria of poultry. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 2021; 7(5): 1921-1927. doi: 10.1002/vms3.511
Fernandes SR, Barreiros L, Oliveira RF, et al. Chemistry, bioactivities, extraction and analysis of azadirachtin: State-of-the-art. Fitoterapia. 2019; 134: 141-150. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.02.006
Gaaboub IA, Hayes DK. Biological Activity of Azadirachtin, Component of the Neem Tree1 Inhibiting Molting in the Face Fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae). Environmental Entomology. 1984; 13(3): 803-812. doi: 10.1093/ee/13.3.803
Miller AJ, Chamberlain WF. Azadirachtin as a Larvicide Against the Horn Fly, Stable Fly, and House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 1989; 82(5): 1375-1378. doi: 10.1093/jee/82.5.1375
Schmutterer H. Properties and Potential of Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree, Azadirachta Indica. Annual Review of Entomology. 1990; 35(1): 271-297. doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.001415
Singh S, Singh RP. Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extracts and azadirachtin as oviposition deterrents against the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) and the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). Phytoparasitica. 1998; 26(3): 191-197. doi: 10.1007/bf02981434
Kumar ARV, Jayadevi HC, Ashoka HJ, Chandrashekara K. Azadirachtin use efficiency in commercial neem formulations. Current Science. 2003; 84(11): 1459-1464
Morgan ED. Azadirachtin, a scientific gold mine. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2009; 17(12): 4096-4105. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.081
Girotto VD, Santos GB. Performance of broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days subjected to different levels of Neem (Azadirachta indica) cake inclusion in feed (Portuguese). RETEC-Revista de Tecnologias. 2012; 5(2).
Sarker S, Mostofa M, Akter F, et al. Effects of aqueous extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves as growth promoter and anti-colibacillosis in broilers. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science. 2014; 43(2): 138-141. doi: 10.3329/bjas.v43i2.20715
Mahejabin N, Mostofa M, Akter F, et al. Effects of Neem, turmeric and papaya leaf extract mixture on growth performance of broilers. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. 2015; 2(2): 17-21.
Durrani FR, Sultan A, Jan M, et al. Immunomodulatory and growth promoting effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves infusion in broiler chicks. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 2008; 24(4): 655-659.
Landy N, Ghalamkari G, Toghyani M. Performance, carcass characteristics, and immunity in broiler chickens fed dietary neem (Azadirachta indica) as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. Livestock Science. 2011; 142(1-3): 305-309. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.08.017
Odoh LI, Bratte L. Effects of varying levels of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf meal in layer diets on the haematological and serological indices, and faecal bacterial counts of layers. Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2015; 5(4): 37-44.
Logambal SM, Michael RD. Immunostimulatory effect of azadirachtin in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2000; 38: 1092-1096.
Obaroh IO, Achionye-N GC. Effects of Crude Extract of Azadirachta indica Leaves at Controlling Prolific Breeding in Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Asian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2011; 5(5): 277-282. doi: 10.3923/ajar.2011.277.282
Korkmaz N, Örün İ. Effects of pesticide NeemAzal-T/S on thyroid, stress hormone and some cytokines levels in freshwater common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Toxin Reviews. 2021; 41(2): 496-505. doi: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1895841
Alak G, Ucar A, Çilingir Yeltekin A, et al. Neurophysiological responses in the brain tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) treated with bio-pesticide. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2018; 42(2): 203-209. doi: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1526180
Maitra B, Sen S, Homechaudhuri S. Flow cytometric analysis of fish leukocytes as a model for toxicity produced by azadirachtin-based bioagrocontaminant. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2014; 96(2): 328-341. doi: 10.1080/02772248.2014.934026
Sharma DK, Ansari BA. Toxicity of azadirachtin on some biomarkers of oxidative stress in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Journal of Biology and Earth Science. 2014; 4(2): 160-167.
Mamatha P, Mohan MR. Detection of biopesticide Azadirachtin and analysis of gill tissues of the fish Glossogobius giuri using HPCL. Advances in Forestry Science. 2014; 1(3): 83-88.
Kumar A, Prasad M, Mishra D, et al. Acute toxicity of azadirachtin to a teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences. 2012; 34(2). doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i2.9455
Fafioye OO. Acute and sub-acute toxicities of five plant extracts on white tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas). International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science. 2012; 2(13): 525-530.
Lima A, Barbosa JM, Silva AA, et al. Toxicity of neem extract for post-larvae tilapia. Available online: https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/46396/1/aqua3.pdf (accessed on 2 January 2024).
El-Badawi AA, Al-Salahy MB. Physiological studies on gill and corpuscular oxidative stress in the fish Oreochromis niloticus exposed to Neem oil in response to antioxidant power of lupine seeds. In: Proceedings of the 4th Global Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Conference, the Egyptian International Center for Agriculture.
Kumar S, Raman RP, Kumar K, et al. In vitro and in vivo antiparasitic activity of Azadirachtin against Argulus spp. in Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758). Parasitology Research. 2011; 110(5): 1795-1800. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2701-0
Cruz C, Machado-neto JG, DE Menezes ML. Acute Toxicity of The Insecticide Methyl Parathion and The Biopesticide Azadirachtin from Neem Leaves (Azadirachta indica) To Pacu Fry and Juveniles (Piaractus mesopotamicus) (Portuguese). Pesticidas: Revista de Ecotoxicologia e Meio Ambiente. 2004; 14. doi: 10.5380/pes.v14i0.3127
Cagauan AG, Galaites MC, Fajardo LJ. Evaluation of botanical piscicides on Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. and mosquito fish Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard. Available online: https://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/ista/ista6/ista6web/pdf/179.pdf (accessed on 2 January 2024).
Abu-Elala NM, Khattab MS, AbuBakr HO, et al. Neem leaf powder (Azadirachta indica) mitigates oxidative stress and pathological alterations triggered by lead toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Scientific Reports. 2023; 13(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36121-4
Mondal P, Garai P, Chatterjee A, et al. Toxicological and therapeutic effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder in hole‐in‐the‐head (HITH) disease of fish Anabas testudineus. Aquaculture Research. 2020; 52(2): 715-723. doi: 10.1111/are.14928
Khoa TND, Mazelan S, Muda S, et al. Use of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) to control caligid copepod infestation on Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Aquaculture Research. 2019; 50(7): 1885-1892. doi: 10.1111/are.14074
Kumar S, Raman RP, Kumar K, et al. Effect of azadirachtin on haematological and biochemical parameters of Argulus-infested goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 2012; 39(4): 733-747. doi: 10.1007/s10695-012-9736-8
Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Bhuvaneswari R. Restorative effect of Azadirachta indicab aqueous leaf extract dip treatment on haematological parameter changes in Cyprinus carpio (L.) experimentally infected with Aphanomyces invadans fungus. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 2005; 21(5): 410-413. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00614.x
Rahman ANA, Amer SA, Masoud SR, et al. Neem seed protein hydrolysate as a fishmeal substitute in Nile tilapia: Effects on antioxidant/immune pathway, growth, amino acid transporters-related gene expression, and Aeromonas veronii resistance. Aquaculture. 2023; 573: 739593. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739593
Kim KS, Walker GC. Efficacy of neem extract against sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations: A potential biopesticide for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture. 2022; 560: 738453. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738453
Abidin ZU, Hassan HU, Masood Z, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation of Neem, Azadirachta indica leaf extracts on enhancing the growth performance, chemical composition and survival of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2022; 29(4): 3075-3081. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.046
Kaur Y, Dhawan A, Holeyappa SA, Thammegowda NB. Hematological responses of common carp Cyprinus Carpio administered with Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extraction. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2019; 53(2): 161-167.
Kapinga IB, Limbu SM, Madalla NA, et al. Aspilia mossambicensis and Azadirachta indica medicinal leaf powders modulate physiological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine. 2018; 6(1): 31-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.03.003
Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C. Supplementation Diet Containing Probiotics, Herbal and Azadirachtin on Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Cirrhina mrigala Against Aphanomyces invadans. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal. 2010; 01(06). doi: 10.4172/2150-3508.1000004
Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Heo M. Effect of chemotherapy, vaccines and immunostimulants on innate immunity of goldfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 2009; 88: 45-54. doi: 10.3354/dao02143
Kapinga IB, Limbu SM, Madalla NA, et al. Dietary Aspilia mossambicensis and Azadirachta indica supplementation alter gonadal characteristics and histology of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Research. 2018; 50(2): 573-580. doi: 10.1111/are.13931
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18686/fsa.v6i1.2208
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
